Fig. 1Comparison of estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) from baseline to the end of follow-up. aP<0.05.
Fig. 2Kaplan-Meier plots for renal survival according to the duration of diabetes mellitus.
Table 1Baseline characteristics of the study population according to the presence of chronic kidney disease at baseline
Characteristic |
Total |
CKD (–) |
CKD (+) |
P value |
Number |
190 (100) |
77 (40.5) |
113 (59.5) |
|
Female sex |
121 (63.7) |
51 (66.2) |
70 (61.9) |
0.645 |
Age, yr |
70.4±4.9 |
69.7±4.3 |
70.8±5.2 |
0.106 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
25.1±3.6 |
24.5±3.2 |
25.6±3.8 |
0.053 |
Hypertension |
138 (72.6) |
50 (64.9) |
88 (77.9) |
0.068 |
Dyslipidemia |
66 (34.7) |
19 (24.7) |
47 (41.6) |
0.016 |
Diabetes duration, yr |
10.6±7.6 |
8.6±7.6 |
11.9±7.4 |
0.003 |
<5 |
56 (29.5) |
32 (41.6) |
24 (21.2) |
5–9 |
58 (30.5) |
25 (32.5) |
33 (29.2) |
≥10 |
76 (40.0) |
20 (26.0) |
56 (49.6) |
HbA1c, %a
|
7.9±1.9 |
7.6±1.8 |
8.1±1.9 |
0.108 |
<7.0 |
37 (48.7) |
37 (33.3) |
7.0–7.9 |
15 (19.7) |
29 (26.1) |
≥8.0 |
24 (31.6) |
45 (40.5) |
Creatinine, mg/dL |
1.1±0.3 |
0.9±0.2 |
1.2±0.3 |
<0.001 |
eGFR, mL/min/1.73 m2
|
64.7±16.5 |
75.4±10.2 |
57.4±16.1 |
<0.001 |
ACR, mg/g Crb,c
|
148.5±520.3 |
12.1±6.2 |
224.9±638.4 |
0.001 |
Normoalbuminuria |
96 (57.5) |
60 (100) |
36 (33.6) |
Microalbuminuria |
52 (31.1) |
0 |
52 (48.6) |
Macroalbuminuria |
19 (11.4) |
0 |
19 (17.8) |
Total cholesterol, mg/dL |
190.2±38.7 |
185.6±38.0 |
193.1±39.0 |
0.217 |
Triglyceride, mg/dLc
|
181.2±110.5 |
156.8±82.9 |
196.6±122.6 |
0.015 |
HDL-C, mg/dLc
|
46.5±13.1 |
47.7±10.3 |
45.7±14.5 |
0.090 |
Medications |
|
|
|
|
ACEI or ARB |
117 (61.6) |
38 (49.4) |
79 (69.9) |
0.006 |
Diuretics |
55 (28.9) |
12 (15.6) |
43 (38.1) |
0.001 |
Calcium-channel blocker |
59 (31.1) |
21 (27.3) |
38 (33.6) |
0.425 |
β-Blocker |
40 (21.1) |
11 (14.3) |
29 (25.7) |
0.070 |
Statin |
60 (31.6) |
18 (23.4) |
42 (37.2) |
0.045 |
Fenofibrate |
8 (4.2) |
2 (2.6) |
6 (5.3) |
0.477 |
Sulfonylurea |
152 (80.0) |
63 (81.8) |
89 (78.8) |
0.713 |
Metformin |
101 (53.2) |
38 (49.4) |
63 (55.8) |
0.459 |
Thiazolidinedione |
63 (33.2) |
35 (45.5) |
28 (24.8) |
0.005 |
Insulin |
38 (20.0) |
8 (10.4) |
30 (26.5) |
0.009 |
Table 2Odds ratios for the predictors of chronic kidney disease at baseline
Variable |
Unadjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value |
Adjusted OR (95% CI) |
P value |
Age, yr |
1.05 (0.99–1.12) |
0.108 |
1.05 (0.98–1.12) |
0.156 |
Male sex |
1.21 (0.66–2.21) |
0.547 |
1.96 (0.97–3.95) |
0.061 |
BMI, kg/m2
|
1.09 (1.00–1.18) |
0.056 |
1.13 (1.03–1.25) |
0.013 |
Hypertension (yes vs. no) |
1.90 (1.00–3.62) |
0.051 |
1.41 (0.69–2.87) |
0.349 |
Diabetes duration, yr |
|
|
|
|
<5 |
1.00 (reference) |
|
1.00 (reference) |
|
5–9 |
1.76 (0.84–3.70) |
0.135 |
1.45 (0.64–3.29) |
0.380 |
≥10 |
3.73 (1.79–7.79) |
<0.001 |
3.46 (1.49–8.03) |
0.004 |
HbA1c, % |
|
|
|
|
<7.0 |
1.00 (reference) |
|
1.00 (reference) |
|
7.0–7.9 |
1.93 (0.89–4.19) |
0.094 |
1.45 (0.61–3.45) |
0.402 |
≥8.0 |
1.86 (0.96–3.68) |
0.067 |
1.71 (0.78–3.74) |
0.177 |
Table 3Transitions for stage of chronic kidney disease from baseline to the end of follow-up in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Stage of CKD |
To |
Total |
1 |
2 |
3 |
4 or more |
From |
|
|
|
|
|
1 |
1 |
5 |
1 |
1 |
8 |
2 |
4 |
54 |
38 |
2 |
98 |
3 |
0 |
9 |
62 |
13 |
84 |
4 or more |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
0 |
Total |
5 |
68 |
101 |
16 |
190 |
Table 4Transitions for albuminuria categories from baseline to the end of follow-up in older patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
Albuminuria categories |
To |
Total |
Normoalbuminuria |
Microalbuminuria |
Macroalbuminuria |
From |
|
|
|
|
Normoalbuminuria |
67 |
26 |
3 |
96 |
Microalbuminuria |
3 |
45 |
4 |
52 |
Macroalbuminuria |
1 |
1 |
17 |
19 |
Total |
71 |
72 |
24 |
167 |