Skip Navigation
Skip to contents

Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Search
OPEN ACCESS

Articles

Page Path
HOME > Diabetes Metab J > Volume 36(6); 2012 > Article
Review
Others Smoking and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
Sang Ah Chang
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal 2012;36(6):399-403.
DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.6.399
Published online: December 12, 2012
  • 7,072 Views
  • 159 Download
  • 124 Crossref
  • 143 Scopus

Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea.

Corresponding author: Sang Ah Chang. Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, St. Paul's Hospital, The Catholic University of Korea College of Medicine, 180 Wangsan-ro, Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 130-709, Korea. sangah@catholic.ac.kr

Copyright © 2012 Korean Diabetes Association

This is an Open Access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution Non-Commercial License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/3.0/) which permits unrestricted non-commercial use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.

  • Cigarette smoking is a well-known risk factor in many diseases, including various kinds of cancer and cardiovascular disease. Many studies have also reported the unfavorable effects of smoking for diabetes mellitus. Smoking increases the risk of developing diabetes, and aggravates the micro- and macro-vascular complications of diabetes mellitus. Smoking is associated with insulin resistance, inflammation and dyslipidemia, but the exact mechanisms through which smoking influences diabetes mellitus are not clear. However, smoking cessation is one of the important targets for diabetes control and the prevention diabetic complications.
Smoking is one of the modifiable risk factors for many chronic diseases, such as cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, chronic obstructive lung disease, asthma, and diabetes. However, the adverse effects of smoking on diabetes have been generally under recognized. In the guidelines from the Korean Diabetes Association, smoking cessation is recommended as one of the most important steps in preventing the cardiovascular complications of diabetes [1]. Many studies have shown that the adverse effects of smoking on diabetes mellitus are not only diabetic macrovascular complications but the causal nature of its association with diabetes and the progression of diabetic microvascular complications has yet to be explored.
Although smoking is known to decrease body weight, it is associated with central obesity [2]. Smoking also increases inflammation and oxidative stress [3], to directly damage β-cell function [4] and to impair endothelial function [5].
The prevalence of smoking in Korean men is near 50%, which is the highest smoking rate in the Western Pacific region. In addition to obesity, the high prevalence of smoking is one of the major health problems for Korea's public health.
This review is about the various smoking effects on diabetes mellitus, diabetic complications, and diabetic incidence. Understanding the hazardous effects of smoking on diabetes mellitus may lead to more emphasis on smoking prevention and smoking cessation as important strategies in the management of diabetes mellitus.
There is much evidence that smoking increases the risk of diabetes. Several cohort studies in Korea have reported that smoking was associated with an increased risk for the development of diabetes. Cho et al. [6] followed 4,041 men for 4 years in rural and urban settings in Korea, and found that past and current smokers had a significantly increased risk for type 2 diabetes, and the risk increased with the number of cigarettes smoked. Another study reported a 14-year-long prospective cohort study, in which the risk of diabetes among men and women who smoked 20 cigarettes or more per day was 1.55 (95% confidence interval [CI], 1.51 to 1.60) compared to those who never smoked [7].
A Japanese study reported similar results of a positive correlation between cigarette consumption and risk for diabetes [8]. The health professionals' follow-up study demonstrated that the risk for diabetes among men who smoked ≥25 cigarettes per day was 1.94 (95% CI, 1.25 to 3.03) [9]. Another British study showed the risk for diabetes in smoking men was around 1.7, after adjusting for confounding factors, such as age, body mass index, physical activity, alcohol intake, social class, and antihypertensive treatment [10].
There have been few studies on the effect of smoking on the risk of diabetes in women as generally the prevalence of smoking is lower in women than men. However, the results from the Nurses' Health Study in the United States (114,247 women, 1,227,589 person-years follow-up) showed that the risk for diabetes in smokers was 1.42 after adjustment for other risk factors [11].
The same cohort was followed for 16 years, and a new analysis was performed. The predictable risk factors for diabetes were overweight and obesity, as in men, low physical activity, a poor diet, current smoking, and abstinence from alcohol were all independently associated with the risk for diabetes. The adjusted risk for diabetes in smokers was 1.4 compared with non-smokers [12].
The exact mechanism for why smoking increases the risk of diabetes and deteriorates glucose homeostasis has not been fully elucidated, but the available evidence shows that smoking increases insulin resistance.
In healthy young men, acute smoking showed an increased insulin resistance [13]. Smokers had a significantly increased homeostatic model assessment insulin resistance index an hour after smoking [14]. The smoking reduced insulin mediated glucose uptake by 10% to 40% in men who smoked compared with non-smoking men [15,16]. In type 2 diabetic subjects, insulin and C-peptide responses to oral glucose load were significantly higher in smokers than non-smokers and the insulin resistance, as determined by the euglycemic clamp technique, was positively correlated in a dose dependent manner [17]. Thus smoking induced insulin resistance in patients with type 2 diabetes, as well as healthy subjects.
In addition to increased insulin resistance, smoking also showed dyslipidemia prone to atherosclerosis. Smokers had higher fasting triglycerides and lower high density lipoprotein cholesterol levels, and an increased proportion of small dense low density lipoprotein particles. Fibrinogen levels and plasminogen activator inhibitor 1 activity were also elevated in smokers [18].
In terms of glucose homeostasis, smoking has a negative effect on glucose control. In a population-based prospective study, cigarette smoking was positively associated in a dose dependent manner with elevated HbA1c after adjustment for possible confounding by dietary variables [19]. This finding was also reported in patients with diabetes in Sweden; smoking type 1 and type 2 patients had a higher mean HbA1c but a lower mean body mass index than non-smokers [20].
The smoking effects on microvascular diabetes complications vary across reports. Generally, several studies have shown that smoking has an adverse effect on diabetic nephropathy, but the influence of smoking independently with glucose control, on retinopathy and neuropathy are unclear.
Several studies have demonstrated that smoking promotes diabetic microalbuminuria and exacerbates diabetic nephropathy. In the study by Biesenbach et al. [21], a 13-year follow-up study, the progression of nephropathy was clearly increased in smokers. The authors showed that smoking was a risk factor for diabetic kidney disease, independent of age, sex, and duration of diabetes and HbA1c levels.
In prospective studies by Chuahirun and Wesson [22] and Chuahirun et al. [23], the adverse effects on diabetic neprhropathy in type 2 patients were confirmed, even in optimal hypertensive patients.
The association of smoking and diabetic retinopathy has not been clear. It was reported that retinopathy has been associated with glycemic control and not smoking state [24]. Some studies have reported no association with smoking and retinopathy in type 2 diabetes [24,25]. The United Kingdom Prospective Diabetic (UKPD) study to determine risk factors related to the incidence and progression of diabetic retinopathy followed patients over 6 years from diagnosis. The development of retinopathy was associated with glycemia and higher blood pressure, but not smoking [26]. Thus in type 2 patients, the effects of smoking on diabetic retinopathy has not been as clear as with nephropathy.
There are few studies about smoking and diabetic neuropathy. Smoking may affect diabetic neuropathy differently according to the type of diabetes [27]. In type 2 diabetic patients, smoking was not a risk factor in the presence of polyneuropathy or sensory neuropathy as diagnosed by symptom and sign [27,28]. It was reported that there was no relationship between current or previous levels of smoking and the severity and duration of chronic painful neuropathy [29]. But in the study by Tamer et al. [30], while smoking was not associated with neuropathic complaints, using electromyography-supported neuropathy examination there were significant relationships with smoking, as well as HbA1c. Therefore, more studies are needed to evaluate the association between smoking and neuropathy.
Smoking has been shown to be a significant risk factor for all-cause mortality, and for mortality due to CVD and coronary heart disease (CHD) in diabetics. Smokers die on average 8 to 10 years younger than non-smokers, as age is entered into most multi-regression analysis.
Smoking is a major risk factor for CVD in non-diabetic subjects, as well as diabetic subjects. In an 8-year prospective study, smoking was significantly associated with an increased risk for CHD in diabetic patients [31]. The UKPD study clearly showed that smoking was a significant and independent risk factor for CHD in type 2 diabetic patients [32]. In the Nurses' Health Study, in women with type 2 diabetes, it was demonstrated that cigarette smoking was associated in a dose-dependent manner with an increased mortality and CHD. Compared with never-smokers, the relative risks for CHD were 1.66 for current smokers of 1 to 14 cigarette per day, and 2.68 for current smokers of 15 or more cigarettes per day [33,34].
Recently, a meta-analysis in the Asia-Pacific region, in men with diabetes, the hazard ratio comparing current smokers with non-smokers was 1.42 for CHD. In Asia, where there are high rates of smoking, and a rapidly increasing prevalence of diabetes, the author concluded that cigarette cessation strategies there were huge benefits in terms of reducing the burden of CVD in men with diabetes [35].
Smoking also increases the risk of stroke in patients with diabetes, but may not be as strong as CHD. In the UKPD study, mathematical models were developed to estimate the risk of stroke, and the variables were smoking, duration of diabetes, age, sex, systolic blood pressure, total cholesterol to high density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio, and presence of arterial fibrillation [36]. In a study using the general practice research database in the United Kingdom, smoking was an additional risk factor for stroke in type 2 diabetic patients [37]. Another 4-year prospective study, also showed that smoking and HbA1c were predictors of stroke among the type 2 diabetic patients without a history of a previous stroke [38].
The relative risk of smoking for stroke has not been as high as that for CHD. In the Nurses' Health Study, in smokers who smoked 1 to 14 cigarette per day, the risk was significant for CHD but not for stroke. In those who smoked 15 cigarettes or more per day, the relative risk for CHD and stroke were 2.68 and 1.84, respectively [33]. Similar trends were shown in a Swedish study, in which the relative risk of smoking was higher in myocardial infarction (2.33) than for stroke (1.12) in 30 to 59 year-old patients [39].
There have been many studies showing that smoking has harmful effects on patients with diabetes. Smoking increases diabetic incidence and aggravates glucose homeostasis and chronic diabetic complications. In microvascular complications, the onset and progression of diabetic nephropathy is highly associated with smoking. In macrovascular complications, smoking is associated with a 2 to 3 times higher incidence of CHD and mortality. However, smoking prevention and smoking cessation may not be emphasized enough in diabetic clinics. Thus, educating patients on the importance of not smoking and engaging in smoking cessation programs are important strategies for the management of diabetes.

No potential conflict of interest relevant to this article was reported.

  • 1. Ko SH, Kim SR, Kim DJ, Oh SJ, Lee HJ, Shim KH, Woo MH, Kim JY, Kim NH, Kim JT, Kim CH, Kim HJ, Jeong IK, Hong EK, Cho JH, Mok JO, Yoon KH. Committee of Clinical Practice Guidelines, Korean Diabetes Association. 2011 Clinical practice guidelines for type 2 diabetes in Korea. Diabetes Metab J 2011;35:431-436. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 2. Canoy D, Wareham N, Luben R, Welch A, Bingham S, Day N, Khaw KT. Cigarette smoking and fat distribution in 21,828 British men and women: a population-based study. Obes Res 2005;13:1466-1475. ArticlePubMed
  • 3. Morrow JD, Frei B, Longmire AW, Gaziano JM, Lynch SM, Shyr Y, Strauss WE, Oates JA, Roberts LJ 2nd. Increase in circulating products of lipid peroxidation (F2-isoprostanes) in smokers: smoking as a cause of oxidative damage. N Engl J Med 1995;332:1198-1203. ArticlePubMed
  • 4. Spector TD, Blake DR. Effect of cigarette smoking on Langerhans' cells. Lancet 1988;2:1028Article
  • 5. Noma K, Goto C, Nishioka K, Hara K, Kimura M, Umemura T, Jitsuiki D, Nakagawa K, Oshima T, Chayama K, Yoshizumi M, Higashi Y. Smoking, endothelial function, and Rho-kinase in humans. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2005;25:2630-2635. ArticlePubMed
  • 6. Cho NH, Chan JC, Jang HC, Lim S, Kim HL, Choi SH. Cigarette smoking is an independent risk factor for type 2 diabetes: a four-year community-based prospective study. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2009;71:679-685. ArticlePubMed
  • 7. Jee SH, Foong AW, Hur NW, Samet JM. Smoking and risk for diabetes incidence and mortality in Korean men and women. Diabetes Care 2010;33:2567-2572. ArticlePubMedPMCPDF
  • 8. Uchimoto S, Tsumura K, Hayashi T, Suematsu C, Endo G, Fujii S, Okada K. Impact of cigarette smoking on the incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus in middle-aged Japanese men: the Osaka Health Survey. Diabet Med 1999;16:951-955. ArticlePubMed
  • 9. Rimm EB, Chan J, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC. Prospective study of cigarette smoking, alcohol use, and the risk of diabetes in men. BMJ 1995;310:555-559. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 10. Wannamethee SG, Shaper AG, Perry IJ. British Regional Heart Study. Smoking as a modifiable risk factor for type 2 diabetes in middle-aged men. Diabetes Care 2001;24:1590-1595. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 11. Rimm EB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Willett WC, Rosner B, Hennekens CH, Speizer FE. Cigarette smoking and the risk of diabetes in women. Am J Public Health 1993;83:211-214. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 12. Hu FB, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz G, Liu S, Solomon CG, Willett WC. Diet, lifestyle, and the risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus in women. N Engl J Med 2001;345:790-797. ArticlePubMed
  • 13. Attvall S, Fowelin J, Lager I, Von Schenck H, Smith U. Smoking induces insulin resistance: a potential link with the insulin resistance syndrome. J Intern Med 1993;233:327-332. ArticlePubMed
  • 14. Seet RC, Loke WM, Khoo CM, Chew SE, Chong WL, Quek AM, Lim EC, Halliwell B. Acute effects of cigarette smoking on insulin resistance and arterial stiffness in young adults. Atherosclerosis 2012;224:195-200. ArticlePubMed
  • 15. Facchini FS, Hollenbeck CB, Jeppesen J, Chen YD, Reaven GM. Insulin resistance and cigarette smoking. Lancet 1992;339:1128-1130. ArticlePubMed
  • 16. Eliasson B, Mero N, Taskinen MR, Smith U. The insulin resistance syndrome and postprandial lipid intolerance in smokers. Atherosclerosis 1997;129:79-88. ArticlePubMed
  • 17. Targher G, Alberiche M, Zenere MB, Bonadonna RC, Muggeo M, Bonora E. Cigarette smoking and insulin resistance in patients with noninsulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 1997;82:3619-3624. ArticlePubMed
  • 18. Eliasson B, Attvall S, Taskinen MR, Smith U. The insulin resistance syndrome in smokers is related to smoking habits. Arterioscler Thromb 1994;14:1946-1950. ArticlePubMed
  • 19. Sargeant LA, Khaw KT, Bingham S, Day NE, Luben RN, Oakes S, Welch A, Wareham NJ. Cigarette smoking and glycaemia: the EPIC-Norfolk Study. European Prospective Investigation into Cancer. Int J Epidemiol 2001;30:547-554. PubMed
  • 20. Nilsson PM, Gudbjornsdottir S, Eliasson B, Cederholm J. Steering Committee of the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Smoking is associated with increased HbA1c values and microalbuminuria in patients with diabetes: data from the National Diabetes Register in Sweden. Diabetes Metab 2004;30:261-268. ArticlePubMed
  • 21. Biesenbach G, Grafinger P, Janko O, Zazgornik J. Influence of cigarette-smoking on the progression of clinical diabetic nephropathy in type 2 diabetic patients. Clin Nephrol 1997;48:146-150. PubMed
  • 22. Chuahirun T, Wesson DE. Cigarette smoking predicts faster progression of type 2 established diabetic nephropathy despite ACE inhibition. Am J Kidney Dis 2002;39:376-382. ArticlePubMed
  • 23. Chuahirun T, Khanna A, Kimball K, Wesson DE. Cigarette smoking and increased urine albumin excretion are interrelated predictors of nephropathy progression in type 2 diabetes. Am J Kidney Dis 2003;41:13-21. ArticlePubMed
  • 24. Guillausseau PJ, Massin P, Charles MA, Allaguy H, Guvenli Z, Virally M, Tielmans D, Assayag M, Warnet A, Lubetzki J. Glycaemic control and development of retinopathy in type 2 diabetes mellitus: a longitudinal study. Diabet Med 1998;15:151-155. ArticlePubMed
  • 25. Moss SE, Klein R, Klein BE. Cigarette smoking and ten-year progression of diabetic retinopathy. Ophthalmology 1996;103:1438-1442. ArticlePubMed
  • 26. Stratton IM, Kohner EM, Aldington SJ, Turner RC, Holman RR, Manley SE, Matthews DR. UKPDS 50: risk factors for incidence and progression of retinopathy in type II diabetes over 6 years from diagnosis. Diabetologia 2001;44:156-163. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 27. Mitchell BD, Hawthorne VM, Vinik AI. Cigarette smoking and neuropathy in diabetic patients. Diabetes Care 1990;13:434-437. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 28. Harris M, Eastman R, Cowie C. Symptoms of sensory neuropathy in adults with NIDDM in the U.S. population. Diabetes Care 1993;16:1446-1452. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 29. Benbow SJ, Williams G, MacFarlane IA. Smoking habits and painful diabetic neuropathy. J Diabetes Complications 1997;11:334-337. ArticlePubMed
  • 30. Tamer A, Yildiz S, Yildiz N, Kanat M, Gunduz H, Tahtaci M, Celebi H. The prevalence of neuropathy and relationship with risk factors in diabetic patients: a single-center experience. Med Princ Pract 2006;15:190-194. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 31. Morrish NJ, Stevens LK, Fuller JH, Jarrett RJ, Keen H. Risk factors for macrovascular disease in diabetes mellitus: the London follow-up to the WHO Multinational Study of Vascular Disease in Diabetics. Diabetologia 1991;34:590-594. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 32. Turner RC, Millns H, Neil HA, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Matthews DR, Holman RR. Risk factors for coronary artery disease in non-insulin dependent diabetes mellitus: United Kingdom Prospective Diabetes Study (UKPDS: 23). BMJ 1998;316:823-828. ArticlePubMedPMC
  • 33. Al-Delaimy WK, Willett WC, Manson JE, Speizer FE, Hu FB. Smoking and mortality among women with type 2 diabetes: the Nurses' Health Study cohort. Diabetes Care 2001;24:2043-2048. PubMed
  • 34. Al-Delaimy WK, Manson JE, Solomon CG, Kawachi I, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB. Smoking and risk of coronary heart disease among women with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Arch Intern Med 2002;162:273-279. ArticlePubMed
  • 35. Kengne AP, Nakamura K, Barzi F, Lam TH, Huxley R, Gu D, Patel A, Kim HC, Woodward M. Asia Pacific Cohort Study Collaboration. Smoking, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases in men in the Asia Pacific region. J Diabetes 2009;1:173-181. ArticlePubMed
  • 36. Kothari V, Stevens RJ, Adler AI, Stratton IM, Manley SE, Neil HA, Holman RR. UKPDS 60: risk of stroke in type 2 diabetes estimated by the UK Prospective Diabetes Study risk engine. Stroke 2002;33:1776-1781. ArticlePubMed
  • 37. Mulnier HE, Seaman HE, Raleigh VS, Soedamah-Muthu SS, Colhoun HM, Lawrenson RA, De Vries CS. Risk of stroke in people with type 2 diabetes in the UK: a study using the General Practice Research Database. Diabetologia 2006;49:2859-2865. ArticlePubMedPDF
  • 38. Giorda CB, Avogaro A, Maggini M, Lombardo F, Mannucci E, Turco S, Alegiani SS, Raschetti R, Velussi M, Ferrannini E. DAI Study Group. Incidence and risk factors for stroke in type 2 diabetic patients: the DAI study. Stroke 2007;38:1154-1160. ArticlePubMed
  • 39. Nilsson PM, Cederholm J, Eeg-Olofsson K, Eliasson B, Zethelius B, Fagard R, Gudbjornsdottir S. Swedish National Diabetes Register. Smoking as an independent risk factor for myocardial infarction or stroke in type 2 diabetes: a report from the Swedish National Diabetes Register. Eur J Cardiovasc Prev Rehabil 2009;16:506-512. ArticlePubMedPDF

Figure & Data

References

    Citations

    Citations to this article as recorded by  
    • Comparison of Laboratory and Non-Laboratory-Based 2019 World Health Organization Cardiovascular Risk Charts in the Bhutanese Population
      Kuenzang Chhezom, Mongal Singh Gurung, Kinley Wangdi
      Asia Pacific Journal of Public Health.2024; 36(1): 29.     CrossRef
    • Weight change in patients with new‐onset type 2 diabetes mellitus and its association with remission: Comprehensive real‐world data
      Jinyoung Kim, Bongseong Kim, Mee Kyoung Kim, Ki‐Hyun Baek, Ki‐Ho Song, Kyungdo Han, Hyuk‐Sang Kwon
      Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2024; 26(2): 567.     CrossRef
    • Smoking Behavior Change and the Risk of Heart Failure in Patients With Type 2 Diabetes: Nationwide Retrospective Cohort Study
      Jung Eun Yoo, Su-Min Jeong, Kyu Na Lee, Heesun Lee, Ji Won Yoon, Kyungdo Han, Dong Wook Shin
      JMIR Public Health and Surveillance.2024; 10: e46450.     CrossRef
    • The direct and spillover effects of diabetes diagnosis on lifestyle behaviours
      Rhys Llewellyn Thomas, Emmanouil Mentzakis
      Health Economics.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Multi-Centre UK Analysis of Simultaneous Pancreas and Kidney (SPK) Transplant in Recipients With Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
      Ruth V. Owen, Harry J. Carr, Claire Counter, Samuel J. Tingle, Emily R. Thompson, Derek M. Manas, James A. Shaw, Colin H. Wilson, Steve A. White
      Transplant International.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Lung cancer, comorbidities, and medication: the infernal trio
      Hélène Pluchart, Sébastien Chanoine, Denis Moro-Sibilot, Christos Chouaid, Gil Frey, Julie Villa, Bruno Degano, Matteo Giaj Levra, Pierrick Bedouch, Anne-Claire Toffart
      Frontiers in Pharmacology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Association of secondhand smoke with fracture risk in community-dwelling nonsmoking adults in Korea
      Junyeong Ahn, Hye-Sun Park, Sung Joon Cho, Seungjin Baek, Yumie Rhee, Namki Hong
      JBMR Plus.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Gene Expression Analysis in T2DM and Its Associated Microvascular Diabetic Complications: Focus on Risk Factor and RAAS Pathway
      Laxmipriya Jena, Prabhsimran Kaur, Tashvinder Singh, Kangan Sharma, Sushil Kotru, Anjana Munshi
      Molecular Neurobiology.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Evaluating the Predictive Efficiency of Obesity-related Factors for Type 2 Diabetes: A Panel Study Using KoGES Data
      Young-Joo Kim, Hyun-E Yeom
      Journal of Health Informatics and Statistics.2024; 49(1): 54.     CrossRef
    • Extensive analysis of risk factors associated with surgical site infections post‐cardiothoracic open surgery
      Hong Li, Xufeng Zheng, Jie Gao
      International Wound Journal.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Exploring determinants of sex and family history-based disparity in type 2 diabetes mellitus prevalence among clinical patients
      Fahad Abdulaziz Alrashed, Muhammad Iqbal, Abdulrahman M Alsubiheen, Tauseef Ahmad
      BMC Public Health.2024;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Chronic cigarette smoking is associated with increased arterial stiffness in men and women: evidence from a large population-based cohort
      Omar Hahad, Volker H. Schmitt, Natalie Arnold, Karsten Keller, Jürgen H. Prochaska, Philipp S. Wild, Andreas Schulz, Karl J. Lackner, Norbert Pfeiffer, Irene Schmidtmann, Matthias Michal, Jörn M. Schattenberg, Oliver Tüscher, Andreas Daiber, Thomas Münzel
      Clinical Research in Cardiology.2023; 112(2): 270.     CrossRef
    • Identification of the risk factors of type 2 diabetes and its prediction using machine learning techniques
      Md. Merajul Islam, Md. Jahanur Rahman, Md. Menhazul Abedin, Benojir Ahammed, Mohammad Ali, N.A.M Faisal Ahmed, Md. Maniruzzaman
      Health Systems.2023; 12(2): 243.     CrossRef
    • Molecular Changes in Cells of Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Depending on Changes in Glycemia Level in the Context of Lifestyle—An Overview of the Latest Scientific Discoveries
      Magdalena Szczechla, Anita Balewska, Dariusz Naskręt, Dorota Zozulińska-Ziółkiewicz, Aleksandra Uruska
      Current Issues in Molecular Biology.2023; 45(3): 1961.     CrossRef
    • Combination of Multiple Low-Risk Lifestyle Behaviors and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies
      Tauseef A. Khan, David Field, Victoria Chen, Suleman Ahmad, Sonia Blanco Mejia, Hana Kahleová, Dario Rahelić, Jordi Salas-Salvadó, Lawrence A. Leiter, Matti Uusitupa, Cyril W.C. Kendall, John L. Sievenpiper
      Diabetes Care.2023; 46(3): 643.     CrossRef
    • Stem Cell Therapy in Combination with Naturopathy: Current Progressive Management of Diabetes and Associated Complications
      Aloke Saha, Asmita Samadder, Sisir Nandi
      Current Topics in Medicinal Chemistry.2023; 23(8): 649.     CrossRef
    • Impact du tabagisme sur la présence de la cardiomyopathie diabétique
      H. Foudad, S. Latreche, A. Trichine
      Annales de Cardiologie et d'Angéiologie.2023; 72(3): 101595.     CrossRef
    • Changes in total cholesterol level and cardiovascular disease risk among type 2 diabetes patients
      Jaewon Khil, Sung Min Kim, Jooyoung Chang, Seulggie Choi, Gyeongsil Lee, Joung Sik Son, Sang Min Park, NaNa Keum
      Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Risk of type 2 diabetes after diagnosed gestational diabetes is enhanced by exposure to PM2.5
      Shih-Chun Pan, Ching-Chun Huang, Bing-Yu Chen, Wei-Shan Chin, Yue Leon Guo
      International Journal of Epidemiology.2023; 52(5): 1414.     CrossRef
    • The pattern of malignancies and associated factors among type 2 diabetes mellitus patients in a tertiary hospital in Southwest Nigeria
      AyotundeOladunni Ale, AyodejiJohnson Agboola, BabatundeAdeteru Ayoade, JaneChiemeka Bakare
      Bangladesh Journal of Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 2(2): 94.     CrossRef
    • Men With Both Diabetes and a Family History of Diabetes Were Associated With Depressed Mood in Korean Adults
      Yeong-Hoon Kim, Kyu-In Jung, Chan-Hee Song
      American Journal of Men's Health.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Preventive Epigenetic Mechanisms of Functional Foods for Type 2 Diabetes
      Bilyaminu Abubakar, Dawoud Usman, Kamaldeen Olalekan Sanusi, Nur Hanisah Azmi, Mustapha Umar Imam
      Diabetology.2023; 4(3): 259.     CrossRef
    • Ecological study on household air pollution exposure and prevalent chronic disease in the elderly
      Samaneh Dehghani, Somayeh Yousefi, Vahide Oskoei, Moslem Tazik, Mohammad Sanyar Moradi, Mahmood Shaabani, Mohebat Vali
      Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Gender differences in cigarette smoking cessation attempts among adults who smoke and drink alcohol at high levels: Findings from the 2018–2020 International Tobacco Control Four Country Smoking and Vaping Surveys
      Chenyang Liu, Hua-Hie Yong, Shannon Gravely, Katherine East, Karin Kasza, Coral Gartner, K. Michael Cummings, Geoffrey T. Fong
      Addictive Behaviors.2023; 147: 107817.     CrossRef
    • Smoking behavior change and the risk of pneumonia hospitalization among smokers with diabetes mellitus
      Dong-Woo Han, Wonyoung Jung, Kyu Na Lee, Kyungdo Han, Sei Won Lee, Dong Wook Shin
      Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Cigarette smoking and related factors among type 2 diabetic patients in Taiwan
      Hsien-Hung Huang, Chih-Yen Chang, Ching-Sung Ho
      Journal of Substance Use.2023; : 1.     CrossRef
    • Tobacco use in diabetes mellitus: a retrospective cohort study to determine the effect of snuff tobacco use on diabetes mellitus complications over a period of nine years
      Raihaan M Ally, Danie van Zyl
      Journal of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Diabetes of South Africa.2023; : 1.     CrossRef
    • Association of Mixed Use of Electronic and Conventional Cigarettes and Exposure to Secondhand Smoke With Prediabetes
      Seung Hoon Kim, Minah Park, Gyu Ri Kim, Hye Jin Joo, Sung-In Jang
      The Journal of Clinical Endocrinology & Metabolism.2022; 107(1): e44.     CrossRef
    • Validation of in vitro models for smoke exposure of primary human bronchial epithelial cells
      Michal Mastalerz, Elisabeth Dick, Ashesh Chakraborty, Elisabeth Hennen, Andrea C. Schamberger, Andreas Schröppel, Michael Lindner, Rudolf Hatz, Jürgen Behr, Anne Hilgendorff, Otmar Schmid, Claudia A. Staab-Weijnitz
      American Journal of Physiology-Lung Cellular and Molecular Physiology.2022; 322(1): L129.     CrossRef
    • Are There Global Syndemics?
      Merrill Singer, Nicola Bulled, Thomas Leatherman
      Medical Anthropology.2022; 41(1): 4.     CrossRef
    • The many faces of diabetes. Is there a need for re-classification? A narrative review
      Nasser Sakran, Yitka Graham, Tadeja Pintar, Wah Yang, Radwan Kassir, Edith M. Willigendael, Rishi Singhal, Zoë E. Kooreman, Dharmanand Ramnarain, Kamal Mahawar, Chetan Parmar, Brijesh Madhok, Sjaak Pouwels
      BMC Endocrine Disorders.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Knowledge of Diabetic Patients in Al-Kut City According to Revised Michigan Diabetes Knowledge Test
      Taqi Mohammed Jwad Taher, Mohammed Hassan Khalil, Firas Turki Rashed Sarray
      Electronic Journal of Medical and Dental Studies.2022; 12(1): em0093.     CrossRef
    • The Impact of Hypoglycemia on Patients with Diabetes Mellitus: A Cross-Sectional Analysis
      Siddarth Agrawal, Sebastian Makuch, Mateusz Dróżdż, Tomasz Dudzik, Igor Domański, Rafał Poręba, Grzegorz Mazur
      Journal of Clinical Medicine.2022; 11(3): 626.     CrossRef
    • Trends in risk factors and management strategies used by people with type 2 diabetes in New South Wales, Australia
      Leonie Cranney, Bronwyn McGill, Philip J. Clare, Adrian Bauman
      Preventive Medicine.2022; 157: 107004.     CrossRef
    • Prevalence of type 2 diabetes and pre‐diabetes among pulmonary and extrapulmonary tuberculosis patients of Bangladesh: A cross‐sectional study
      Afsana Habib Sheuly, S. M. Zahid Hassan Arefin, Lingkan Barua, Muhammed Shahriar Zaman, Hasina Akhter Chowdhury
      Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Protein Intake Among Patients with Insulin-Treated Diabetes is Linked to Poor Glycemic Control: Findings of NHANES Data
      Hiba Bawadi, Nahla Al-Bayyari, Reema Tayyem, Zumin Shi
      Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2022; Volume 15: 767.     CrossRef
    • Previously unrecognized risk factors for severe hypoglycaemia requiring emergency medical care in insulin‐treated type 2 diabetes: Results from a real‐world nested case‐control study
      Julie Settles, Hong Kan, Christopher J. Child, Magdaliz Gorritz, Jasjit K. Multani, Catherine B. McGuiness, Rolin L. Wade, Brian M. Frier
      Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2022; 24(7): 1235.     CrossRef
    • Smoking has disruptive effects on the small bowel luminal microbiome
      Gabriela Leite, Gillian M. Barlow, Ava Hosseini, Gonzalo Parodi, Maya L. Pimentel, Jiajing Wang, Alyson Fiorentino, Ali Rezaie, Mark Pimentel, Ruchi Mathur
      Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Combined Effect of Smoking and Fatty Liver Disease on the Progression of Type 2 Diabetes: Insights from a Population-Based Cohort Study
      Tingting Zhang, Donghe Zhang, Jing Zeng, Yan Yang, Yi Fang, Xuan Wang, Naeem Jan
      Computational and Mathematical Methods in Medicine.2022; 2022: 1.     CrossRef
    • Evaluation of salivary alkaline phosphatase and glutathione peroxidase levels in diabetic and nondiabetic participants with and without smoking habits: A case–control study
      Bavadharani Kamaraj, Angeline Deepthi, Kandasamy, Nelson, JohnHearty Deepak, Gracelin
      Journal of Pharmacy And Bioallied Sciences.2022; 14(5): 734.     CrossRef
    • Prenatal Effects of Nicotine on Obesity Risks: A Narrative Review
      Olivia White, Nicole Roeder, Kenneth Blum, Rina D. Eiden, Panayotis K. Thanos
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(15): 9477.     CrossRef
    • The Prediction of Micro- and Macrovascular Complications in Individuals with T2DM with Different Risk Factors in Iraq
      Shahad Turkey Mana, Dawood Salman Mahdi, Mahmood Thamer Altemimi
      Biomedical and Pharmacology Journal.2022; 15(3): 1769.     CrossRef
    • Nonsurgical periodontal treatment improved the type 2 diabetes mellitus status in smokers: A randomized controlled trial
      Thuy Anh Vu Pham, Phuc Anh Nguyen, Thao Thi Phuong Tran, Van Thi Thao Nguyen
      Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2022; 194: 110150.     CrossRef
    • Effects of Smoking on the Gut Microbiota in Individuals with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
      Yuriko Kondo, Yoshitaka Hashimoto, Masahide Hamaguchi, Ayumi Kaji, Ryosuke Sakai, Ryo Inoue, Saori Kashiwagi, Katsura Mizushima, Kazuhiko Uchiyama, Tomohisa Takagi, Yuji Naito, Michiaki Fukui
      Nutrients.2022; 14(22): 4800.     CrossRef
    • Determinants of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus Among Adults in Dill-Chora Referral Hospital, Dire Dawa, East Ethiopia
      Tewodros Getnet Amera, Yibekal Manaye Tefera, Tameru Menberu, Aminu Mohammed Yassin
      Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity: Targets and Therapy.2022; Volume 15: 3565.     CrossRef
    • Low-grade inflammation in type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study from a Danish diabetes outpatient clinic
      Tina Okdahl, Anne-Marie Wegeberg, Flemming Pociot, Birgitte Brock, Joachim Størling, Christina Brock
      BMJ Open.2022; 12(12): e062188.     CrossRef
    • Effect of cigarette smoking on blood biochemical parameters in males of district Swabi, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan
      Bibi Rukhsana, Mehreen Riaz, Saba Khalid
      Natural and Applied Sciences International Journal (NASIJ).2022; 3(1): 34.     CrossRef
    • Effects of Smoking on Outcomes of Anti-Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Therapy in Patients with Diabetic Macular Edema: A Retrospective Case-Control Study
      Mouna Al Saad, Amin Shehadeh, Asem Hizzani, Abdulla Alzibdeh, Amani A. Alsubhi, Dina Hamdan, Ebtehal Alkubati, Jehad Meqbil, Lina Hamadneh, Osama Ababneh
      Middle East African Journal of Ophthalmology.2022; 29(3): 116.     CrossRef
    • Predictive factors for reduced functional mobility in elderly diabetics and non-diabetics
      Fernanda Thais Ferreira de Paiva, Marina Morato Stival, Luciano Ramos de Lima, Alessandro de Oliveira Silva, Yuri Gustavo de Sousa Barbalho, Manoela Vieira Gomes da Costa, Izabel Cristina Rodrigues da Silva, Silvana Schwerz Funghetto
      International Journal of Diabetes in Developing Countries.2021; 41(2): 314.     CrossRef
    • Factors related to the uncontrolled fasting blood sugar among type 2 diabetic patients attending primary health care center, Abha city, Saudi Arabia
      Fatima Riaz, Ayoub Al Shaikh, Qudsia Anjum, Yahya Mudawi Alqahtani, Sadia Shahid
      International Journal of Clinical Practice.2021;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Influence of glucose, insulin fluctuation, and glycosylated hemoglobin on the outcome of sarcopenia in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
      Yuxi Lin, Yongze Zhang, Ximei Shen, Lingning Huang, Sunjie Yan
      Journal of Diabetes and its Complications.2021; 35(6): 107926.     CrossRef
    • Dose-Dependent Effect of Smoking on Risk of Diabetes Remains after Smoking Cessation: A Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea
      Se Eun Park, Mi Hae Seo, Jung-Hwan Cho, Hyemi Kwon, Yang-Hyun Kim, Kyung-Do Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Yong-Gyu Park, Eun-Jung Rhee, Won-Young Lee
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2021; 45(4): 539.     CrossRef
    • Assessing diabetes mellitus knowledge among Syrian medical students: A cross-sectional study
      Fatema Mohsen, Homam Safieh, Mosa Shibani, Hlma Ismail, Mhd Amin Alzabibi, Humam Armashi, Bisher Sawaf
      Heliyon.2021; 7(9): e08079.     CrossRef
    • Diabetes, cigarette smoking and transcription factor 7-like 2 (Tcf7L2) in the UK Biobank cohort
      S. Lehrer, P.H. Rheinstein
      Bulletin de l'Académie Nationale de Médecine.2021; 205(9): 1146.     CrossRef
    • Cardiovascular Disease among Patients with Diabetes: The Current Scenario in Saudi Arabia
      Asirvatham Alwin Robert, Mohamed Abdulaziz Al Dawish
      Current Diabetes Reviews.2021; 17(2): 180.     CrossRef
    • Smoking Doubles the Mortality Risk in COVID-19: A Meta-Analysis of Recent Reports and Potential Mechanisms
      Husam M Salah, Tanya Sharma, Jawahar Mehta
      Cureus.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Does a rise in BMI cause an increased risk of diabetes?: Evidence from India
      Shivani Gupta, Sangeeta Bansal, Petri Böckerman
      PLOS ONE.2020; 15(4): e0229716.     CrossRef
    • Type 2 Diabetes Risk Among University Students in Malaysia
      Aishairma Aris, Mohd Zulhilmy Md Khalid, Hasnah Yahaya, Lee Onn Yoong, Ng Qiu Ying
      Current Diabetes Reviews.2020; 16(4): 387.     CrossRef
    • Social factors associated with chronic non-communicable disease and comorbidity with mental health problems in India: a scoping review
      Saju Madavanakadu Devassy, Anuja Maria Benny, Lorane Scaria, Anjana Nannatt, Meredith Fendt-Newlin, Jacques Joubert, Lynette Joubert, Martin Webber
      BMJ Open.2020; 10(6): e035590.     CrossRef
    • Periodontal Disease in Diabetes Mellitus: A Case–Control Study in Smokers and Non-Smokers
      Emese Battancs, Dorottya Gheorghita, Szabolcs Nyiraty, Csaba Lengyel, Gabriella Eördegh, Zoltán Baráth, Tamás Várkonyi, Márk Antal
      Diabetes Therapy.2020; 11(11): 2715.     CrossRef
    • Predicting type 2 diabetes mellitus among fishermen in Cape Coast: a comparison between the FINDRISC score and the metabolic syndrome
      Richard K. D. Ephraim, Victor Boachie Owusu, Jephthah Asiamah, Arnold Mills, Albert Abaka-Yawson, Godsway Edem Kpene, Precious Kwablah Kwadzokpui, Samuel Adusei
      Journal of Diabetes & Metabolic Disorders.2020; 19(2): 1317.     CrossRef
    • Type 2 diabetes in older patients: an analysis of the DPV and DIVE databases
      Gesine van Mark, Sascha R. Tittel, Stefan Sziegoleit, Franz Josef Putz, Mesut Durmaz, Michaela Bortscheller, Ivo Buschmann, Jochen Seufert, Reinhard W. Holl, Peter Bramlage
      Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 11: 204201882095829.     CrossRef
    • Association Between Prenatal Smoking and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus
      Yael Bar-Zeev, Zelalem T. Haile, Ilana Azulay Chertok
      Obstetrics & Gynecology.2020; 135(1): 91.     CrossRef
    • Prevalence of non-communicable diseases among individuals with HIV infection by antiretroviral therapy status in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania
      Irene Kato, Basil Tumaini, Kisali Pallangyo, Kwasi Torpey
      PLOS ONE.2020; 15(7): e0235542.     CrossRef
    • Impaired Microvascular Response to Muscle Stretching in Chronic Smokers With Type 2 Diabetes
      Boon-Hua Low, Yue-Der Lin, Bo-Wen Huang, Taipau Chia, Jian-Guo Bau, Hao-Yu Huang
      Frontiers in Bioengineering and Biotechnology.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • A Review of the Impact of Smoking on Inhaled Insulin: Would You Stop Smoking if Insulin Can Be Inhaled?
      Parul Malhotra, Radhika Akku, Thulasi Priya Jayaprakash, Olisaemeka D Ogbue, Safeera Khan
      Cureus.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Are smoking intensity and cessation related to cataract surgical risk in diabetic patients? Findings from the 45 and Up Study
      Xiaotong Han, Changfan Wu, Xixi Yan, Stuart Keel, Xianwen Shang, Lei Zhang, Mingguang He
      Eye.2020; 34(2): 383.     CrossRef
    • The combination of insulin resistance and visceral adipose tissue estimation improves the performance of metabolic syndrome as a predictor of type 2 diabetes
      N. E. Antonio‐Villa, O. Y Bello‐Chavolla, A. Vargas‐Vázquez, R. Mehta, C. A. Aguilar‐Salinas
      Diabetic Medicine.2020; 37(7): 1192.     CrossRef
    • Validity of self-reported diabetes varies with sociodemographic charecteristics: Example from Iran
      Mehdi Moradinazar, Yahya Pasdar, Farid Najafi, Ebrahim Shakiba, Behrooz Hamzeh, Mehnoosh Samadi, Maryam Mirzaei, Annette J. Dobson
      Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health.2020; 8(1): 70.     CrossRef
    • Letter: Association between Cigarette Smoking and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in 78,212 Koreans Using Self-Reported Questionnaire and Urine Cotinine (Diabetes Metab J 2020;44:426–35)
      Bo-Yeon Kim
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(4): 619.     CrossRef
    • Cigarette smoking blocks the benefit from reduced weight gain for insulin action by shifting lipids deposition to muscle
      Anwar Khan, Sherouk Fouda, Ali Mahzari, Stanley M.H. Chan, Xiu Zhou, Cherubina Ratnam, Ross Vlahos, Ji-Ming Ye
      Clinical Science.2020; 134(13): 1659.     CrossRef
    • Is exposure to family member incarceration during childhood linked to diabetes in adulthood? Findings from a representative community sample
      Bradley A White, Keri J West, Esme Fuller-Thomson
      SAGE Open Medicine.2020; 8: 205031212090516.     CrossRef
    • Association between Cigarette Smoking and New-Onset Diabetes Mellitus in 78,212 Koreans Using Self-Reported Questionnaire and Urine Cotinine
      Ji Hye Kim, Dae Chul Seo, Byung Jin Kim, Jeong Gyu Kang, Seung Jae Lee, Sung Ho Lee, Bum Soo Kim, Jin Ho Kang
      Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(3): 426.     CrossRef
    • Analysis of factors related to diabetic retinopathy in patients with newly diagnosed type 2 diabetes: a cross-sectional study
      Zhaohu Hao, Xiao Huang, Yongzhang Qin, Huanming Li, Fengshi Tian, Rong Xu, Baocheng Chang, Hailin Shao
      BMJ Open.2020; 10(2): e032095.     CrossRef
    • Improving HbA1c with Glucose Self-Monitoring in Diabetic Patients with EpxDiabetes, a Phone Call and Text Message-Based Telemedicine Platform: A Randomized Controlled Trial
      Ran Xu, Maggie Xing, Kavon Javaherian, Robert Peters, Will Ross, Carlos Bernal-Mizrachi
      Telemedicine and e-Health.2020; 26(6): 784.     CrossRef
    • Muscle Strength and Glycaemic Control among Patients with Type 2 Diabetes
      Hiba Bawadi, Dana Alkhatib, Haya Abu-Hijleh, Joud Alalwani, Lina Majed, Zumin Shi
      Nutrients.2020; 12(3): 771.     CrossRef
    • EMERGING ROLE OF NRF2 AS A POTENTIAL THERAPEUTIC TARGET FOR CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASES
      Gagandeep Singh Shergill, Pooja Sarotra, Prince Kadam, Sumir Kapoor, Arshbir Singh, Nishant Rana
      INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF SCIENTIFIC RESEARCH.2020; : 1.     CrossRef
    • Chronic Tobacco Exposure by Smoking Develops Insulin Resistance
      Suchismita Mukharjee, Sarbashri Bank, Smarajit Maiti
      Endocrine, Metabolic & Immune Disorders - Drug Targets.2020; 20(6): 869.     CrossRef
    • ASIAN PACIFIC SOCIETY OF NEPHROLOGY CLINICAL PRACTICE GUIDELINE ON DIABETIC KIDNEY DISEASE
      Adrian LIEW, Sunita BAVANANDAN, Narayan PRASAD, Muh Geot WONG, Jer Ming CHANG, Somchai EIAM‐ONG, Chuan‐Ming HAO, Chiao Yuen LIM, Soo Kun LIM, Kook‐Hwan OH, Hirokazu OKADA, Paweena SUSANTITAPHONG, Aida LYDIA, Huong Thi Bich TRAN, Russell VILLANUEVA, See Ch
      Nephrology.2020; 25(S2): 12.     CrossRef
    • Synergistic effect of smoking on age-related hearing loss in patients with diabetes
      Seong Hoon Bae, Sang Hyun Kwak, Jae Young Choi, Jinsei Jung
      Scientific Reports.2020;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Active Cigarette Smoking Is Associated With an Exacerbation of Genetic Susceptibility to Diabetes
      Wan-Yu Lin, Yu-Li Liu, Albert C. Yang, Shih-Jen Tsai, Po-Hsiu Kuo
      Diabetes.2020; 69(12): 2819.     CrossRef
    • Association between Secondhand Smoke Exposure and Metabolic Syndrome in 118,609 Korean Never Smokers Verified by Self-Reported Questionnaire and Urine Cotinine
      Ji Hye Kim, Byung Jin Kim, Young Youl Hyun, Jin Ho Kang
      Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(4): 892.     CrossRef
    • Association between smoking and serum uric acid in Korean population
      Seong-Kyu Kim, Jung-Yoon Choe
      Medicine.2019; 98(7): e14507.     CrossRef
    • Smoking and Increased White and Red Blood Cells
      Kasper Mønsted Pedersen, Yunus Çolak, Christina Ellervik, Hans Carl Hasselbalch, Stig Egil Bojesen, Børge Grønne Nordestgaard
      Arteriosclerosis, Thrombosis, and Vascular Biology.2019; 39(5): 965.     CrossRef
    • The influence of tobacco smoke exposure on selected markers of oxidative stress, kidneys and liver function in the serum of rats with streptozotocin-induced diabetes
      Marta Napierala, Jan Olszewski, Izabela Miechowicz, Anna Jablecka, Agata Czarnywojtek, Stanislaw Malinger, Ewa Florek
      Pharmacological Reports.2019; 71(6): 1293.     CrossRef
    • Early hypoglycaemia and adherence after basal insulin initiation in a nationally representative sample of Medicare beneficiaries with type 2 diabetes
      Pengxiang Li, Zhi Geng, Vrushabh P. Ladage, Jasmanda Wu, Ilona Lorincz, Jalpa A. Doshi
      Diabetes, Obesity and Metabolism.2019; 21(11): 2486.     CrossRef
    • Frequency of Diabetes Foot Ulcer and Related Factors Among Adult Diabetic Patients in the Diabetes Center of Kerman, Iran
      Ali Khalooei, Mansour Mahmoodi Meymand
      Shiraz E-Medical Journal.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Tobacco Smoking Independently Predicts Lower Patient-Reported Outcomes: New Insights on a Forgotten Epidemic
      Mohamad J. Halawi, Donald A. Allen, Samuel Baron, Larry Savoy, Vincent J. Williams, Mark P. Cote
      The Journal of Arthroplasty.2019; 34(7): S144.     CrossRef
    • Sleep disorders associated with risk of prostate cancer: a population-based cohort study
      Wei-Sheng Chung, Cheng-Li Lin
      BMC Cancer.2019;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Long-term effectiveness of a type 2 diabetes comprehensive care program. The CAIPaDi model
      Sergio Hernández-Jiménez, Ana Cristina García-Ulloa, Omar Yaxmehen Bello-Chavolla, Carlos A. Aguilar-Salinas, David Kershenobich-Stalnikowitz
      Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2019; 151: 128.     CrossRef
    • Association between cigarette smoking and diabetes mellitus using two different smoking stratifications in 145 040 Korean individuals: Self‐reported questionnaire and urine cotinine concentrations
      Ji Hye Kim, Byung Jin Kim, Jung Gyu Kang, Bum Soo Kim, Jin Ho Kang
      Journal of Diabetes.2019; 11(3): 232.     CrossRef
    • Predisposing factors of type 2 diabetes mellitus and the potential protective role of native plants with functional properties
      Collise Njume, Osaana Donkor, Andrew J. McAinch
      Journal of Functional Foods.2019; 53: 115.     CrossRef
    • Le tabagisme actif : un facteur de risque majeur des maladies non transmissibles humaines dans une enquête hospitalière
      H. Ben Ayed, M. Ben Hmida, M. Ben Jemaa, M. Trigui, J. Jedidi, R. Karray, Y. Mejdoub, M. Kassis, H. Feki, S. Yaich, J. Damak
      Revue des Maladies Respiratoires.2019; 36(2): 171.     CrossRef
    • Prevalence, risk factors, and glycaemic control of type 2 diabetes mellitus in eastern Sudan: a community-based study
      Saeed M. Omar, Imad R. Musa, Amir ElSouli, Ishag Adam
      Therapeutic Advances in Endocrinology and Metabolism.2019; 10: 204201881986007.     CrossRef
    • Tobacco exposure associated with oral microbiota oxygen utilization in the New York City Health and Nutrition Examination Study
      Francesco Beghini, Audrey Renson, Christine P. Zolnik, Ludwig Geistlinger, Mykhaylo Usyk, Thomas U. Moody, Lorna Thorpe, Jennifer B. Dowd, Robert Burk, Nicola Segata, Heidi E. Jones, Levi Waldron
      Annals of Epidemiology.2019; 34: 18.     CrossRef
    • Cigarette smoking as a risk factor for type 2 diabetes in women compared with men: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies
      Shuai Yuan, Hong-liang Xue, Hong-jie Yu, Yao Huang, Bo-wen Tang, Xu-hao Yang, Qing-xiao Li, Qi-qiang He
      Journal of Public Health.2019; 41(2): e169.     CrossRef
    • Impact of Family History of Diabetes on Diabetes Control and Complications
      Mohammed K. Alharithy, Mohammed M. Alobaylan, Ziyad O. Alsugair, Khaled A. Alswat
      Endocrine Practice.2018; 24(9): 773.     CrossRef
    • Insulin dependent and independent normalization of blood glucose levels reduces the enhanced rewarding effects of nicotine in a rodent model of diabetes
      Javier Íbias, Laura E. O’Dell, Arbi Nazarian
      Behavioural Brain Research.2018; 351: 75.     CrossRef
    • Prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus and Its Risk Factors among Individuals Aged 15 Years and Above in Mizan-Aman Town, Southwest Ethiopia, 2016: A Cross Sectional Study
      Shiferaw Birhanu Aynalem, Ayalew Jejaw Zeleke
      International Journal of Endocrinology.2018; 2018: 1.     CrossRef
    • Risk factors for self-reported diabetes among Bhutanese adults: A nationally representative survey data analysis
      Kinley Wangdi, Tshering Jamtsho, Xianwu Cheng
      PLOS ONE.2018; 13(11): e0206034.     CrossRef
    • Unhealthy Behaviors Among Canadian Men Are Predictors of Comorbidities: Implications for Clinical Practice
      Nahid Punjani, Ryan Flannigan, John L. Oliffe, Donald R. McCreary, Nick Black, S. Larry Goldenberg
      American Journal of Men's Health.2018; 12(6): 2183.     CrossRef
    • Increased epicardial adipose tissue thickness is a predictor of new-onset diabetes mellitus in patients with coronary artery disease treated with high-intensity statins
      Jeehoon Kang, Young-Chan Kim, Jin Joo Park, Sehun Kim, Si-Hyuck Kang, Young Jin Cho, Yeonyee E. Yoon, Il-Young Oh, Chang-Hwan Yoon, Jung-Won Suh, Young-Seok Cho, Tae-Jin Youn, In-Ho Chae, Dong-Ju Choi
      Cardiovascular Diabetology.2018;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Association between Smoking Behavior Patterns and Glycated Hemoglobin Levels in a General Population
      Dong-Woo Choi, Jooeun Jeon, Sang Lee, Kyu-Tae Han, Eun-Cheol Park, Sung-In Jang
      International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2018; 15(10): 2260.     CrossRef
    • Lung Cancer Survivability Prediction based on Performance Using Classification Techniques of Support Vector Machines, C4.5 and Naive Bayes Algorithms for Healthcare Analytics
      Pradeep K R, Naveen N C
      Procedia Computer Science.2018; 132: 412.     CrossRef
    • IS TOBACCO DETRIMENTAL THAN DIABETES?
      Mohd. Mushtaque Ahmed, Praveen Kumar Malik, Archana Rani, Raman Parashar, Deepali Kaushik
      Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare.2018; 5(14): 1221.     CrossRef
    • Life Expectancy and Cause-Specific Mortality in Type 2 Diabetes: A Population-Based Cohort Study Quantifying Relationships in Ethnic Subgroups
      Alison K. Wright, Evangelos Kontopantelis, Richard Emsley, Iain Buchan, Naveed Sattar, Martin K. Rutter, Darren M. Ashcroft
      Diabetes Care.2017; 40(3): 338.     CrossRef
    • Passive smoking as an independent risk factor for gestational diabetes that synergizes with prepregnancy obesity in urban Chinese women
      Mary R. Loeken
      Diabetes/Metabolism Research and Reviews.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Unhealthy smokers: scopes for prophylactic intervention and clinical treatment
      Shikha Prasad, Mohammad Abul Kaisar, Luca Cucullo
      BMC Neuroscience.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • The combined effects of myocardial infarction risk factors: Simulation of the combined effects of gene variants, age, and smoking and an analysis of their interaction
      G. J. Osmak, D. Lvovs, B. V. Titov, N. A. Matveeva, O. O. Favorova, A. V. Favorov
      Biophysics.2017; 62(1): 123.     CrossRef
    • Cigarette Smoking, Diabetes, and Diabetes Complications: Call for Urgent Action
      Ping Zhu, Xiong-Fei Pan, Liting Sheng, Henggui Chen, An Pan
      Current Diabetes Reports.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Clinical and Biochemical Associations with Diabetic Retinopathy in Male Patients in the Gaza Strip
      Ayman M. AbuMustafa
      Frontiers in Endocrinology.2017;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Influence of green tea consumption on cigarette smoking-induced biochemical changes in plasma and blood
      Marthadu Shakeela Begum, Bulle Saradamma, Vaddi Damodara Reddy, Pannuru Padmavathi, Paramahamsa Maturu, Naresh babu Ellutla, Lokesh Thippannagari, N.C. Varadacharyulu
      Clinical Nutrition Experimental.2017; 16: 1.     CrossRef
    • Fiber, Coffee, Cigarette and Gestational Diabetes Mellitus in Makassar Indonesia
      Ridwan Amiruddin, Tanti Asrianti, M. Tahir Abdullah
      Asian Journal of Epidemiology.2016; 10(1): 26.     CrossRef
    • DIABETIC RETINOPATHY-RISK FACTORS, STAGING & MANAGEMENT
      Naidu A. P. R., Satyavathidevi P
      Journal of Evidence Based Medicine and Healthcare.2016; 3(2): 94.     CrossRef
    • The HDD Study (Hypertensive, Diabetes & Dyslipidemia) -Cardiovascular Risk Factor Epidemiology in Desk Job Workers - A Preliminary Study
      Akilesh Anand Prakash
      MOJ Public Health.2016;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Risk Factors for Retinopathy and DME in Type 2 Diabetes—Results from the German/Austrian DPV Database
      Hans-Peter Hammes, Reinhard Welp, Hans-Peter Kempe, Christian Wagner, Erhard Siegel, Reinhard W. Holl, Olaf Strauß
      PLOS ONE.2015; 10(7): e0132492.     CrossRef
    • Demographic, lifestyle, and health characteristics of older adults with prediabetes in England
      Eva Graham, Geneviève Gariépy, Rachel J. Burns, Norbert Schmitz
      Preventive Medicine.2015; 77: 74.     CrossRef
    • Misconceptions about smoking in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: a qualitative analysis
      Tin Kin Chau, Daniel Yee Tak Fong, Sophia Siu Chee Chan, Janet Yuen Ha Wong, William Ho Cheung Li, Kathryn Choon Beng Tan, Angela Yee Man Leung, David Chung Ngok Wong, Doris Yin Ping Leung, Tai Hing Lam
      Journal of Clinical Nursing.2015; 24(17-18): 2545.     CrossRef
    • Associations between exposure to polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons and glucose homeostasis as well as metabolic syndrome in nondiabetic adults
      Hui Hu, Haidong Kan, Gregory D. Kearney, Xiaohui Xu
      Science of The Total Environment.2015; 505: 56.     CrossRef
    • Evaluation of health promotion programmes in severe mental illness: theory and practice
      Fenneke M. van Hasselt, Paul F. M. Krabbe, Maarten J. Postma, Anton J. M. Loonen
      International Journal of Methods in Psychiatric Research.2015; 24(1): 83.     CrossRef
    • Impact of cigarette smoke extract and hyperglycemic conditions on blood–brain barrier endothelial cells
      Shikha Prasad, Ravi K Sajja, Jee Hyun Park, Pooja Naik, Mohammad Abul Kaisar, Luca Cucullo
      Fluids and Barriers of the CNS.2015;[Epub]     CrossRef
    • Continued smoking abstinence in diabetic patients in primary care: A cluster randomized controlled multicenter study
      Santiago Pérez-Tortosa, Lydia Roig, Josep M. Manresa, Carlos Martin-Cantera, Elisa Puigdomènech, Pilar Roura, Angelina Armengol, Mamta Advani
      Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2015; 107(1): 94.     CrossRef
    • Area Level Deprivation Is an Independent Determinant of Prevalent Type 2 Diabetes and Obesity at the National Level in Germany. Results from the National Telephone Health Interview Surveys ‘German Health Update’ GEDA 2009 and 2010
      Werner Maier, Christa Scheidt-Nave, Rolf Holle, Lars E. Kroll, Thomas Lampert, Yong Du, Christin Heidemann, Andreas Mielck, Hamid Reza Baradaran
      PLoS ONE.2014; 9(2): e89661.     CrossRef
    • Early Life Factors and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
      Xinli Jiang, Huijie Ma, Yan Wang, Yan Liu
      Journal of Diabetes Research.2013; 2013: 1.     CrossRef

    • PubReader PubReader
    • Cite
      CITE
      export Copy
      Close
      Download Citation
      Download a citation file in RIS format that can be imported by all major citation management software, including EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and Reference Manager.

      Format:
      • RIS — For EndNote, ProCite, RefWorks, and most other reference management software
      • BibTeX — For JabRef, BibDesk, and other BibTeX-specific software
      Include:
      • Citation for the content below
      Smoking and Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus
      Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(6):399-403.   Published online December 12, 2012
      Close
    • XML DownloadXML Download
    Related articles

    Diabetes Metab J : Diabetes & Metabolism Journal