Diabetes & Metabolism Journal

Original Articles

Lifestyle
Ultra-Processed Food Consumption and Obesity in Korean Adults: Jee-Seon Shim, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim, Hyeon Chang Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2023;47(4):547-558. Published online April 26, 2023; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2022.0026

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Background
This study aimed to investigate the association between consumption of ultra-processed foods (UPF) and obesity in Korean adults.
Methods
We included the Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases Etiology Research Center cohort study baseline data of adults aged 30 to 64 years who completed a validated food frequency questionnaire. UPF was defined using the NOVA food classification. Multivariable linear and logistic regression analyses were performed to assess the association of dietary energy contribution of UPF with obesity indicators (body mass index [BMI], obesity, waist circumference [WC], and abdominal obesity).
Results
Consumption of UPF accounted for 17.9% of total energy intake and obesity and abdominal obesity prevalence was 35.4% and 30.2%, respectively. Compared with those in the lowest quartile of UPF consumption, adults in the highest quartile had greater BMI (β=0.36; 95% confidence interval [CI], 0.15 to 0.56), WC (β=1.03; 95% CI, 0.46 to 1.60), higher odds of having obesity (odds ratio [OR], 1.24; 95% CI, 1.07 to 1.45), and abdominal obesity (OR, 1.34; 95% CI, 1.14 to 1.57), after adjusting for sociodemographic characteristics, health-related behaviors, and family history of diseases. Dose-response associations between UPF consumption and obesity indicators were consistently found (all P trend <0.01). However, the strength of association was halved for all obesity indicators after further adjustments for total energy intake and overall diet quality score, and the trend toward association for obesity and WC disappeared.
Conclusion
Our finding supports the evidence that consumption of UPF is positively associated with obesity among Korean adults.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Ultra-processed food consumption and increased risk of metabolic syndrome in Korean adults: A cross-sectional analysis of the KNHANES 2016–2020
Hansol Park, Youngmi Lee, Jinah Hwang, Yujin Lee
Nutrition.2024; 122: 112374. CrossRef
Diet quality partially mediates the association between ultraprocessed food consumption and adiposity indicators
Jee‐Seon Shim, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Dae Jung Kim, Hyeon Chang Kim
Obesity.2023; 31(9): 2430. CrossRef
Development of a Semi-Quantitative Food-Frequency Questionnaire for Korean Adults with Obesity
Jina Chung, Seoeun Ahn, Hyojee Joung, Sangah Shin
Nutrients.2023; 15(22): 4848. CrossRef

Complication
Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index Variability and Incident Diabetic Microvascular Complications: A Post Hoc Analysis of ACCORD Trial: Daniel Nyarko Hukportie, Fu-Rong Li, Rui Zhou, Jia-Zhen Zheng, Xiao-Xiang Wu, Xian-Bo Wu; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(5):767-780. Published online May 10, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0258

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Background
Obesity is associated with adverse health events among diabetic patients, however, the relationship between obesity fluctuation and risk of microvascular complications among this specific population is unclear. We aimed to examine the effect of waist circumference (WC) and body mass index (BMI) variability on the risk of diabetic microvascular outcome
Methods
Annually recorded anthropometric data in the Action to Control Cardiovascular Risk in Diabetes (ACCORD) study was used to examine the association of WC and BMI variability defined as variability independent of mean, with the risk of microvascular outcomes, including neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy. Cox proportional hazards models were used to estimate the hazard ratios (HRs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) (Trial registration: ClinicalTrials.gov., no. NCT00000620).
Results
There were 4,031, 5,369, and 2,601 cases of neuropathy, nephropathy, and retinopathy during a follow-up period of 22,524, 23,941, and 23,850 person-years, respectively. Higher levels of WC and BMI variability were associated with an increased risk of neuropathy. Compared with the lowest quartile, the fully-adjusted HR (95% CI) for the highest quartile of WC and BMI variability for neuropathy risk were 1.21 (1.05 to 1.40) and 1.16 (1.00 to 1.33), respectively. Also, higher quartiles of BMI variability but not WC variability were associated with increased risk of nephropathic events. The fully-adjusted HR (95% CI) for the highest quartile compared with the lowest quartile of BMI variability was 1.31 (1.18 to 1.46). However, the results for retinopathic events were all insignificant.
Conclusion
Among participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus, WC and BMI variability were associated with a higher risk of neuropathic events, whereas BMI variability was associated with an increased risk of nephropathic events.

Citations

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Association of body mass index and blood pressure variability with 10-year mortality and renal disease progression in type 2 diabetes
Stephen Fava, Sascha Reiff
Acta Diabetologica.2024;[Epub] CrossRef
Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index Variability and Incident Diabetic Microvascular Complications: A Post Hoc Analysis of ACCORD Trial (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:767-80)
Yun Kyung Cho
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 147. CrossRef
Waist Circumference and Body Mass Index Variability and Incident Diabetic Microvascular Complications: A Post Hoc Analysis of ACCORD Trial (Diabetes Metab J 2022;46:767-80)
Daniel Nyarko Hukportie, Fu-Rong Li, Rui Zhou, Jia-Zhen Zheng, Xiao-Xiang Wu, Xian-Bo Wu
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2023; 47(1): 150. CrossRef
Weight variability and diabetes complications
Francesco Prattichizzo, Chiara Frigé, Rosalba La Grotta, Antonio Ceriello
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2023; 199: 110646. CrossRef
Risk Factors for Diabetic Retinopathy in Latin America (Mexico) and the World: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis
Oscar Vivanco-Rojas, Sonia López-Letayf, Valentina Londoño-Angarita, Fátima Sofía Magaña-Guerrero, Beatriz Buentello-Volante, Yonathan Garfias
Journal of Clinical Medicine.2023; 12(20): 6583. CrossRef
Effects of body weight variability on risks of macro- and microvascular outcomes in individuals with type 2 diabetes: The Rio de Janeiro type 2 diabetes cohort
Claudia R.L. Cardoso, Nathalie C. Leite, Gil F. Salles
Diabetes Research and Clinical Practice.2023; 205: 110992. CrossRef
Correlation Between the Variability of Different Obesity Indices and Diabetic Kidney Disease: A Retrospective Cohort Study Based on Populations in Taiwan
Zhenzhen Sun, Kun Wang, Chuan Yun, Fang Bai, Xiaodan Yuan, Yaujiunn Lee, Qingqing Lou
Diabetes, Metabolic Syndrome and Obesity.2023; Volume 16: 2791. CrossRef
Unraveling shared risk factors for diabetic foot ulcer: a comprehensive Mendelian randomization analysis
Kangli Yin, Tianci Qiao, Yongkang Zhang, Jiarui Liu, Yuzhen Wang, Fei Qi, Junlin Deng, Cheng Zhao, Yongcheng Xu, Yemin Cao
BMJ Open Diabetes Research & Care.2023; 11(6): e003523. CrossRef

Metabolic Risk/Epidemiology
Impact of Older Age Adiposity on Incident Diabetes: A Community-Based Cohort Study in China: Anthony Chen, Weiju Zhou, Jian Hou, Alan Nevill, Yuanlin Ding, Yuhui Wan, Rebecca Jester, Xia Qin, Zhi Hu, Ruoling Chen; Diabetes Metab J. 2022;46(5):733-746. Published online April 29, 2022; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2021.0215

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Background
Obesity classifications vary globally and the impact of older age adiposity on incident diabetes has not been well-studied.
Methods
We examined a random sample of 2,809 participants aged ≥60 years in China, who were free of diabetes at baseline and were followed up for up to 10 years to document diabetes (n=178). The incidence of diabetes was assessed in relation to different cut-off points of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC) in multiple adjusted Cox regression models.
Results
The diabetic risk in the cohort increased linearly with the continuous and quartile variables of BMI and WC. The BMI-World Health Organization (WHO) and BMI-China criteria analysis did not show such a linear relationship, however, the BMI-Asian/Hong Kong criteria did; adjusted hazards ratio (HR) was 0.42 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.20 to 0.90) in BMI <20 kg/m², 1.46 (95% CI, 0.99 to 2.14) in 23–≤26 kg/m², and 1.63 (95% CI, 1.09 to 2.45) in ≥26 kg/m². The WC-China criteria revealed a slightly better prediction of diabetes (adjusted HRs were 1.79 [95% CI, 1.21 to 2.66] and 1.87 [95% CI, 1.22 to 2.88] in central obese action levels 1 and 2) than the WC-WHO. The combination of the BMI-Asian/Hong Kong with WC-China demonstrated the strongest prediction. There were no gender differences in the impact of adiposity on diabetes.
Conclusion
In older Chinese, BMI-Asian/Hong Kong criteria is a better predictor of diabetes than other BMI criterion. Its combination with WC-China improved the prediction of adiposity to diabetes, which would help manage bodyweight in older age to reduce the risk of diabetes.

Citations

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Association of air pollution with dementia: a systematic review with meta-analysis including new cohort data from China
Jie Tang, Anthony Chen, Fan He, Martin Shipley, Alan Nevill, Hugh Coe, Zhi Hu, Tao Zhang, Haidong Kan, Eric Brunner, Xuguang Tao, Ruoling Chen
Environmental Research.2023; 223: 115048. CrossRef
Impact of fish consumption on all-cause mortality in older people with and without dementia: a community-based cohort study
Aishat T. Bakre, Anthony Chen, Xuguang Tao, Jian Hou, Yuyou Yao, Alain Nevill, James J. Tang, Sabine Rohrmann, Jindong Ni, Zhi Hu, John Copeland, Ruoling Chen
European Journal of Nutrition.2022; 61(7): 3785. CrossRef

Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
The Association between Z-Score of Log-Transformed A Body Shape Index and Cardiovascular Disease in Korea: Wankyo Chung, Jung Hwan Park, Hye Soo Chung, Jae Myung Yu, Shinje Moon, Dong Sun Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(5):675-682. Published online April 26, 2019; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0169

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Background

In order to overcome the limitations of body mass index (BMI) and waist circumference (WC), the z-score of the log-transformed A Body Shape Index (LBSIZ) has recently been introduced. In this study, we analyzed the relationship between the LBSIZ and cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a Korean representative sample.

Methods

Data were collected from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination VI to V. The association between CVD and obesity indices was analyzed using a receiver operating characteristic curve. The cut-off value for the LBSIZ was estimated using the Youden index, and the odds ratio (OR) for CVD was determined via multivariate logistic regression analysis. ORs according to the LBSIZ value were analyzed using restricted cubic spline regression plots.

Results

A total of 31,227 Korean healthy adults were analyzed. Area under the curve (AUC) of LBSIZ against CVD was 0.686 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.671 to 0.702), which was significantly higher than the AUC of BMI (0.583; 95% CI, 0.567 to 0.599) or WC (0.646; 95% CI, 0.631 to 0.661) (P<0.001). Similar results were observed for stroke and coronary artery diseases. The cut-off value for the LBSIZ was 0.35 (sensitivity, 64.5%; specificity, 64%; OR, 1.29, 95% CI, 1.12 to 1.49). Under restricted cubic spline regression, LBSIZ demonstrated that OR started to increase past the median value.

Conclusion

The findings of this study suggest that the LBSIZ might be more strongly associated with CVD risks compared to BMI or WC. These outcomes would be helpful for CVD risk assessment in clinical settings, especially the cut-off value of the LBSIZ suggested in this study.

Citations

Citations to this article as recorded by

Body Shape Index and Cardiovascular Risk in Individuals With Obesity
Nazlı Hacıağaoğlu, Can Öner, Hüseyin Çetin, Engin Ersin Şimşek
Cureus.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between body shape index and risk of mortality in the United States
Heysoo Lee, Hye Soo Chung, Yoon Jung Kim, Min Kyu Choi, Yong Kyun Roh, Wankyo Chung, Jae Myung Yu, Chang-Myung Oh, Shinje Moon
Scientific Reports.2022;[Epub] CrossRef
Utility of the Z-score of log-transformed A Body Shape Index (LBSIZ) in the assessment for sarcopenic obesity and cardiovascular disease risk in the United States
Wankyo Chung, Jung Hwan Park, Hye Soo Chung, Jae Myung Yu, Dong Sun Kim, Shinje Moon
Scientific Reports.2019;[Epub] CrossRef

Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
The Risk of Myocardial Infarction and Ischemic Stroke According to Waist Circumference in 21,749,261 Korean Adults: A Nationwide Population-Based Study: Jung-Hwan Cho, Eun-Jung Rhee, Se-Eun Park, Hyemi Kwon, Jin-Hyung Jung, Kyung-Do Han, Yong-Gyu Park, Hye Soon Park, Yang-Hyun Kim, Soon-Jib Yoo, Won-Young Lee; Diabetes Metab J. 2019;43(2):206-221. Published online December 27, 2018; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2018.0039

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Background

Waist circumference (WC) is a well-known obesity index that predicts cardiovascular disease (CVD). We studied the relationship between baseline WC and development of incident myocardial infarction (MI) and ischemic stroke (IS) using a nationwide population-based cohort, and evaluated if its predictability is better than body mass index (BMI).

Methods

Our study included 21,749,261 Koreans over 20 years of age who underwent the Korean National Health Screening between 2009 and 2012. The occurrence of MI or IS was investigated until the end of 2015 using National Health Insurance Service data.

Results

A total of 127,289 and 181,637 subjects were newly diagnosed with MI and IS. The incidence rate and hazard ratio of MI and IS increased linearly as the WC level increased, regardless of adjustment for BMI. When the analyses were performed according to 11 groups of WC, the lowest risk of MI was found in subjects with WC of 70 to 74.9 and 65 to 69.9 cm in male and female, and the lowest risk of IS in subjects with WC of 65 to 69.9 and 60 to 64.9 cm in male and female, respectively. WC showed a better ability to predict CVD than BMI with smaller Akaike information criterion. The optimal WC cutoffs were 84/78 cm for male/female for predicting MI, and 85/78 cm for male/female for predicting IS.

Conclusion

WC had a significant linear relationship with the risk of MI and IS and the risk began to increase from a WC that was lower than expected.

Citations

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Usefulness of New Criteria for Metabolic Syndrome Optimized for Prediction of Cardiovascular Diseases in Japanese
Yurie Yamazaki, Kazuya Fujihara, Takaaki Sato, Mayuko Harada Yamada, Yuta Yaguchi, Yasuhiro Matsubayashi, Takaho Yamada, Satoru Kodama, Kiminori Kato, Hitoshi Shimano, Hirohito Sone
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Association between body composition and subsequent cardiovascular diseases among 5-year breast cancer survivors
Ji Soo Kim, Jihun Song, Seulggie Choi, Sung Min Kim, Young Jun Park, Sun Jae Park, Yoosun Cho, Yun Hwan Oh, Seogsong Jeong, Kyae Hyung Kim, Sang Min Park
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Body mass index, waist circumference and cardiovascular diseases in transitional ages (40 and 66 years)
Jung Eun Yoo, Kyungdo Han, Jin‐Hyung Jung, Yang‐Im Hur, Yang Hyun Kim, Eun Sook Kim, Jang Won Son, Eun‐Jung Rhee, Won‐Young Lee, Ga Eun Nam
Journal of Cachexia, Sarcopenia and Muscle.2023; 14(1): 369. CrossRef
Risk factors for stroke among anthropometric indices and lipid profiles in the Korean population: a large-scale cross-sectional study
Mi Hong Yim, Young Ju Jeon, Bum Ju Lee
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Big Data Research in the Field of Endocrine Diseases Using the Korean National Health Information Database
Sun Wook Cho, Jung Hee Kim, Han Seok Choi, Hwa Young Ahn, Mee Kyoung Kim, Eun Jung Rhee
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2023; 38(1): 10. CrossRef
Research on obesity using the National Health Information Database: recent trends
Eun-Jung Rhee
Cardiovascular Prevention and Pharmacotherapy.2023; 5(2): 35. CrossRef
Association between the weight-adjusted waist index and stroke: a cross-sectional study
Jiayi Ye, Yanjie Hu, Xinrong Chen, Zhe Yin, Xingzhu Yuan, Liping Huang, Ka Li
BMC Public Health.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Increased risk of ischemic stroke associated with elevated gamma-glutamyl transferase level in adult cancer survivors: a population-based cohort study
Kyuwoong Kim, Hyeyun Jung, Edvige Di Giovanna, Tae Joon Jun, Young-Hak Kim
Scientific Reports.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Changes in body composition and subsequent cardiovascular disease risk among 5-year breast cancer survivors
Ji Soo Kim, Jihun Song, Seulggie Choi, Sang Min Park
Frontiers in Cardiovascular Medicine.2023;[Epub] CrossRef
Association between Stroke and Abdominal Obesity in the Middle-Aged and Elderly Korean Population: KNHANES Data from 2011–2019
Jong Yeon Kim, Sung Min Cho, Youngmin Yoo, Taesic Lee, Jong Koo Kim
International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health.2022; 19(10): 6140. CrossRef
Prevalence of metabolic syndrome and related factors in a large sample of antipsychotic naïve patients with first-episode psychosis: Baseline results from the PAFIP cohort
Nathalia Garrido-Torres, Miguel Ruiz-Veguilla, Luis Alameda, Manuel Canal-Rivero, María Juncal Ruiz, Marcos Gómez-Revuelta, Rosa Ayesa-Arriola, Ana Rubio-García, Benedicto Crespo-Facorro, Javier Vázquez-Bourgon
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Development and validation of risk prediction models for stroke and mortality among patients with type 2 diabetes in northern China
X. Shao, H. Liu, F. Hou, Y. Bai, Z. Cui, Y. Lin, X. Jiang, P. Bai, Y. Wang, Y. Zhang, C. Lu, H. Liu, S. Zhou, P. Yu
Journal of Endocrinological Investigation.2022; 46(2): 271. CrossRef
Neck circumference for predicting the occurrence of future cardiovascular events: A 7.6-year longitudinal study
Tingting Hu, Yun Shen, Weijie Cao, Yiting Xu, Yufei Wang, Xiaojing Ma, Yuqian Bao
Nutrition, Metabolism and Cardiovascular Diseases.2022; 32(12): 2830. CrossRef
A prospective study of waist circumference trajectories and incident cardiovascular disease in China: the Kailuan Cohort Study
Liang Wang, Yujin Lee, Yuntao Wu, Xinyuan Zhang, Cheng Jin, Zhe Huang, Yixin Wang, Zhiyi Wang, Penny Kris-Etherton, Shouling Wu, Xiang Gao
The American Journal of Clinical Nutrition.2021; 113(2): 338. CrossRef
The Repeatedly Elevated Fatty Liver Index Is Associated With Increased Mortality: A Population-Based Cohort Study
Chang-Hoon Lee, Kyung-Do Han, Da Hye Kim, Min-Sun Kwak
Frontiers in Endocrinology.2021;[Epub] CrossRef
Obesity Degree and Glycemic Status: Factors That Should Be Considered in Heart Failure
Hye Soon Kim
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2020; 44(4): 529. CrossRef
Exposure-weighted scoring for metabolic syndrome and the risk of myocardial infarction and stroke: a nationwide population-based study
Eun Young Lee, Kyungdo Han, Da Hye Kim, Yong-Moon Park, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Kun-Ho Yoon, Mee Kyoung Kim, Seung-Hwan Lee
Cardiovascular Diabetology.2020;[Epub] CrossRef
Predicting the Development of Myocardial Infarction in Middle-Aged Adults with Type 2 Diabetes: A Risk Model Generated from a Nationwide Population-Based Cohort Study in Korea
Seung-Hwan Lee, Kyungdo Han, Hun-Sung Kim, Jae-Hyoung Cho, Kun-Ho Yoon, Mee Kyoung Kim
Endocrinology and Metabolism.2020; 35(3): 636. CrossRef
Obesity Fact Sheet in Korea, 2018: Data Focusing on Waist Circumference and Obesity-Related Comorbidities
Ga Eun Nam, Yang-Hyun Kim, Kyungdo Han, Jin-Hyung Jung, Yong Gyu Park, Kwan-Woo Lee, Eun-Jung Rhee, Jang Won Son, Seong-Su Lee, Hyuk-Sang Kwon, Won-Young Lee, Soon Jib Yoo
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2019; 28(4): 236. CrossRef
Simply the Best: Anthropometric Indices for Predicting Cardiovascular Disease
Jie-Eun Lee
Diabetes & Metabolism Journal.2019; 43(2): 156. CrossRef
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Jian Song, Xue Chen, Yuhong Jiang, Jing Mi, Yuyuan Zhang, Yingying Zhao, Xuesen Wu, Huaiquan Gao
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Letter: Association of Z-Score of the Log-Transformed A Body Shape Index with Cardiovascular Disease in People Who Are Obese but Metabolically Healthy: The Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007-2010 (J Obes Metab Syndr 2018;27:158-65
Eun-Jung Rhee
Journal of Obesity & Metabolic Syndrome.2019; 28(2): 139. CrossRef
Response: The Differential Association between Muscle Strength and Diabetes Mellitus According to the Presence or Absence of Obesity (J Obes Metab Syndr 2019;28:46-52)
Bo Kyung Koo
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Obesity and Metabolic Syndrome
Association between Blood Mercury Level and Visceral Adiposity in Adults: Jong Suk Park, Kyoung Hwa Ha, Ka He, Dae Jung Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2017;41(2):113-120. Published online December 21, 2016; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2017.41.2.113

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Background

Few studies have examined the association between mercury exposure and obesity. The aim of this study is to investigate the association between blood mercury concentrations and indices of obesity in adults.

Methods

A total of 200 healthy subjects, aged 30 to 64 years, who had no history of cardiovascular or malignant disease, were examined. Anthropometric and various biochemical profiles were measured. Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) was measured using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA).

Results

All subjects were divided into three groups according to blood mercury concentrations. Compared with the subjects in the lowest tertile of mercury, those in the highest tertile were more likely to be male; were current alcohol drinkers and smokers; had a higher body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), and VAT; had higher levels of blood pressure, fasting glucose, and insulin resistance; and consumed more fish. The blood mercury concentration was significantly associated with anthropometric parameters, showing relationships with BMI, WC, and VAT. After adjusting for multiple risk factors, the odds ratios (ORs) for high mercury concentration was significantly higher in the highest VAT tertile than in the lowest VAT tertile (OR, 2.66; 95% confidence interval, 1.05 to 6.62; P<0.05).

Conclusion

The blood mercury concentration was significantly associated with VAT in healthy adults. Further studies are warranted to confirm our findings.

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Optimal Waist Circumference Cutoff Value Based on Insulin Resistance and Visceral Obesity in Koreans with Type 2 Diabetes: Jung Soo Lim, Young Ju Choi, Soo-Kyung Kim, Byoung Wook Huh, Eun Jig Lee, Kap Bum Huh; Diabetes Metab J. 2015;39(3):253-263. Published online April 24, 2015; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2015.39.3.253

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Abstract PDF Supplementary Material PubReader

Background

Visceral obesity is the most powerful contributor to the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS) and cardiovascular diseases. In light of visceral obesity, however, there is a paucity of data on the appropriate cutoff point of waist circumference (WC) in subjects with type 2 diabetes. The aim of this study was to investigate the optimal cutoff value for WC that signals insulin resistance (IR) and visceral obesity in Koreans with type 2 diabetes.

Methods

We evaluated 4,252 patients with type 2 diabetes (male 2,220, female 2,032, mean age 57.24 years) who visited our clinic between January 2003 and June 2009. WC was measured at the midpoint between the lower rib and the iliac crest, and insulin sensitivity was assessed by the rate constant of plasma glucose disappearance (Kitt %/min) using an insulin tolerance test. Visceral fat thickness was measured using ultrasonography. Statistical analysis was performed using receiver operating characteristic curve.

Results

The optimal cutoff points for WC for identifying the presence of IR and visceral obesity, as well as two or more metabolic components, were 87 cm for men and 81 cm for women. Moreover, these cutoff points had the highest predictive powers for the presence of visceral obesity. The MetS defined by new criteria correlated with the increased carotid intima-media thickness in female subjects.

Conclusion

Our results suggest that the optimal cutoff values for WC in Koreans with type 2 diabetes should be reestablished based on IR and visceral obesity.

Citations

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Metabolic Syndrome and Breast Cancer Molecular Subtypes: An Observational Patient Study
Dafina Ademi-Islami, Suzana Manxhuka-Kerliu, Dhurata Tarifa-Koroveshi, Rozafa Koliqi, Blerim Mujaj
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Differential effect of subcutaneous abdominal and visceral adipose tissue on cardiometabolic risk
Susan Sam
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Reappraisal of waist circumference cutoff value according to general obesity
Kyung-Soo Kim, Hyun-Ju Oh, Young Ju Choi, Byung Wook Huh, Soo-Kyung Kim, Seok Won Park, Eun Jig Lee, Yong-Wook Cho, Kap-Bum Huh
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Cardio-Metabolic Features of Type 2 Diabetes Subjects Discordant in the Diagnosis of Metabolic Syndrome: Sa Rah Lee, Ying Han, Ja Won Kim, Ja Young Park, Ji Min Kim, Sunghwan Suh, Mi-Kyoung Park, Hye-Jeong Lee, Duk Kyu Kim; Diabetes Metab J. 2012;36(5):357-363. Published online October 18, 2012; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/dmj.2012.36.5.357

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Abstract PDF PubReader

Background

The aim of this study is to investigate the cardio-metabolic parameters and surrogate markers of insulin resistance in a discordant group of type 2 diabetes (T2DM) subjects who satisfy the Adults Treatment Panel (ATP) III criteria, but not the International Diabetes Federation (IDF) criteria, for metabolic syndrome (MetS).

Methods

We assessed the prevalence of MetS in T2DM subjects (n=167) who were selected from subjects registered at the diabetes center of Dong-A University Medical Center. We used the ATP III criteria and the IDF criteria for the diagnosis of MetS and sorted the subjects into 2 MetS groups: one group diagnosed per ATP III criteria (MetSa) and one diagnosed per IDF criteria (MetSi). We then compared the clinical characteristics, metabolic parameters (homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance, aspartate aminotransferase, alanine aminotransferase, and uric acid values) and co-morbidities (prevalence of microalbuminuria, fatty liver, and cardiovascular disease) between the MetSa, MetSi, and discordant MetS groups.

Results

The prevalence of MetS in the MetSa group (73.6%) was higher than in the MetSi group (62.2%). The MetS prevalence in the discordant group was 11.4%. The discordant group showed no significant differences in clinical characteristics (except waist circumference and body mass index), metabolic parameters, or prevalence of co-morbidities, as compared with subjects with MetS by both criteria.

Conclusion

In this study, cardio-metabolic features of the subjects diagnosed with MetS using ATP III criteria, but not IDF criteria, are not significantly different from those of subjects diagnosed with MetS using both criteria.

Citations

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Ping Liu, Shujian Sui, Dongling Xu, Xiaowei Xing, Caixia Liu
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Molecular and Cellular Endocrinology.2014; 391(1-2): 30. CrossRef
Clinical analysis of the relationship between cystatin C and metabolic syndrome in the elderly
Ping Liu, Shujian Sui, Dongling Xu, Xiaowei Xing, Caixia Liu
Revista Portuguesa de Cardiologia (English Edition).2014; 33(7-8): 411. CrossRef

Waist Circumference May be More Important than Body Mass Index (BMI) in Determinants of Left Ventricular Mass in Korean Hypertensive Patients.: Yoon Hyeuk Lim, Byoung Hyun Park, Sung Zoo Kim, Chung Gu Cho; Korean Diabetes J. 2007;31(2):130-135. Published online March 1, 2007; DOI: https://doi.org/10.4093/jkda.2007.31.2.130

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
In many studies, obesity is highly correlated with adverse coronary risk profile. Increased left ventricular (LV) mass is an independent risk factor for cardiovascular mortality and morbidity. Hypertension is an well known factor related with LV mass. Obesity also is related with LV mass and commonly associated with hypertension. However, few data are available concerning the relations of LV mass to central obesity, especially in Korean hypertensive patients. So, this study was to evaluate the significance of waist circumference in determinants of LV mass in Korean hypertensive patients. METHODS: A total of 74 hypertensive [40 women, 34 men; mean age, 62.5 years; mean body mass index (BMI), 25.0 kg/m2, 17 with type 2 diabetes] patients without prevalent cardiovascular disease were studied. Echocardiographic LV septal thickness, LV posterior wall thickness, LV dimension and LV mass were analysed. RESULTS: LV mass, diastolic left ventricular internal dimension and epicardial fat thickness were larger in men than in female. LV mass was larger in obese patients defined by body mass index and also in central obese patients defined by waist circumference. LV mass was correlated with sex, body mass index, waist circumference, diastolic left ventricular internal dimension, left ventricular posterior wall thickness and interventricular septal thickness. After controlling for age, sex and body mass index, waist circumference was correlated with LV posterior wall thickness and LV mass. CONCLUSION: Waist circumference may be more important than BMI in determinants of left ventricular mass in Korean hypertensive patients.

Waist Circumference as a Risk Factor for Metabolic Syndrome in Korean Adult ; Evaluation from 5 Different Criteria of Metabolic Syndrome.: H J Lee, H S Kwon, Y M Park, H N Chun, Y H Choi, S H Ko, J M Lee, K H Yoon, B Y Cha, W C Lee, K W Lee, H Y Son, S K Kang, M S Ahn, J M Kang, D S Kim; Korean Diabetes J. 2005;29(1):48-56. Published online January 1, 2005

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Abstract PDF: BACKGROUND
Many different criteria for defining metabolic syndrome have been suggested. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome differs according to each set of criteria. This study was performed to estimate the prevalence of metabolic syndrome in middle-aged Korean people using five different criteria. METHODS: This was a population based, cross-sectional study including 5,330 participants (2,197 males and 3,133 females), over the age 40, conducted in a rural area of Korea. The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was assessed according to the NCEP-ATP III criterion, Asian Pacific region criterion for abdominal obesity (modified ATP III), WHO criterion, American Association of Clinical Endocrinologists (AACE) and European Group for the Study of Insulin (EGIR) criterion. We performed anthropometry and laboratory test on the 5,330 subjects, and the prevalence of metabolic syndrome was determined according to the five different definition. RESULTS: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome using the modified ATP III, NCEP- ATP III, WHO, AACE and EGIR criteria were 33.8 (27.0% in men and 38.7% in women), 23.8 (17.5% in men and 28.3% in women), 23.7 (26.5% in men and 21.7% in women.), 30.1 (22.4% in men and 35.4% in women) and 15.2% (12.9% in men and 16.9% in women), respectively. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of metabolic syndrome was quite different in the same population according to the different definitions applied. Further studies, including a prospective study on metabolic syndrome, will be needed to clarify the definition and clinical characteristics of metabolic syndrome in Korea

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